In the image above all the three halos are separated. This was made possible - in addition to having a suitable display - by stacking an extensive amount of images of a snow surface display. Using Rexistax, total of 379 frames were stacked and the resulting image was further stacked with its mirror image, essientially doubling the frames used. The separation of the three halos is seen also in non-mirrored image ( 1 ).
9, 18, 20, 35 and 46° halos were present as well. The first three are visible in the above image, which is a close up of 8 mm fisheye image. The 9° halo, of which only the lowermost part is seen, is overexposed. An image with only minor digital enhancement is given for comparison ( 2 ).
Three versions of full frame image show the 35 and 46° halos ( 3 ). A single frame ( 4 ) reveals the true nature of the display: it was nothing a passer-by would notice, and to me it might not have been any special unless I had known that day earlier in the same place odd radius halos were observed ( 5 ).
The photography was done on river ice in Rovaniemi in February. The method was to take 3 to 5 photos from different heights by adjusting vertically the tripod central bar and then moving the tripod some 20-30 cm and again taking a set of photos, and so on. This was faster way to obtain large number of photos from different positions than moving the tripod after each shot, as was done day earlier.
Samples of snow surface crystals were photographed in the location as darkness was approaching. Pyramidal faces were abundant ( 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 ).
The issue of pyramid crystal formation temperature was addressed in the discussion of the previous day display. Again the temperatures were not that cold, previous night was around -10 °C and it was cloudy. It cleared up in the morning and minimum temperature in the official measuring point of Rovaniemi center was -12 °C during the photography soon after midday.
It may be that snow surface presents a special situation concerning the pyramid crystal formation (and maintenance) temperatures. There is some evidence in the literature that pyramid crystals can exist on snow surface even at as high temperatures as -2.5 °C.
Whether that is really the case, it is nevertheless good to keep in mind that odd radius halos may exist on snow surface in “unconventional” temperatures and they may be much more common than we have known. However, these displays may not be easily recognized as special and stacking might be needed to visualize them.
What a zoo of surface halos! I find it incredible how well the 22°, 23° and 24° halos can be distinguished in the image. The hard work of photo processing has brought its reward. Also nice to see the pyramid crystal photos! What really surprised me is that there's some evidence of their existence at -2.5°C.
ReplyDeleteVery solid work. Taking that many photos and stacking them semi-manually calls for a true believer. It is great to see that all the effort paid off in a remarkable way.
ReplyDeleteJust few words about the temperature. In meteorology, surface temperature means air temperature at 2 meter altitude. The temperature at ground may be (and often is) quite different, especially in cloud-free, stable winter conditions. Snow is quite efficient emitter at infrared frequencies, implying strong radiative cooling, whereas high surface albedo means weak shortwave absorption (heating). Porosity of snow in turn implies that there is little heat transfer within the snowpack (that is, snow is very efficient insulator). To summarise, meteorological 2 m temperature may be totally inadequate in estimating the skin temperature of the snow pack.
ReplyDeleteFurther, the temperature may vary quite a bit in the lowest atmosphere too. In case the crystals precipitated from the atmosphere to the ground, there is no telling in which altitude (and temperature) they were formed. Temperature can vary tens of degrees in the lowest 100 m or so if conditions are suitable for the formation of temperature inversion (cloud-free conditions, weak wind).